关闭数据库(援引Oracle联机文档)
Close a Database
When you close a database, Oracle writes all database data and recovery data in the SGA to the datafiles and redo log files, respectively. Next, Oracle closes all online datafiles and redo log files. (Any offline datafiles of any offline tablespaces have been closed already. If you subsequently reopen the database, any tablespace that was offline and its datafiles remain offline and closed, respectively.) At this point, the database is closed and inaccessible for normal operations. The control files remain open after a database is closed but still mounted.
Close the Database by Terminating the Instance
In rare emergency situations, you can terminate the instance of an open database to close and completely shut down the database instantaneously. This process is fast, because the operation of writing all data in the buffers of the SGA to the datafiles and redo log files is skipped. The subsequent reopening of the database requires recovery, which Oracle performs automatically.
Note:
If a system or power failure occurs while the database is open, then the instance is, in effect, terminated, and recovery is performed when the database is reopened.
Unmount a Database
After the database is closed, Oracle unmounts the database to disassociate it from the instance. At this point, the instance remains in the memory of your computer.
After a database is unmounted, Oracle closes the control files of the database.
Shut Down an Instance
The final step in database shutdown is shutting down the instance. When you shut down an instance, the SGA is removed from memory and the background processes are terminated.
Abnormal Instance Shutdown
In unusual circumstances, shutdown of an instance might not occur cleanly; all memory structures might not be removed from memory or one of the background processes might not be terminated. When remnants of a previous instance exist, a subsequent instance startup most likely will fail. In such situations, the database a
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Oracle Long型
1、LONG 数据类型中存储的是可变长字符串，最大长度限制是2GB。
2、对于超出一定长度的文本，基本只能用LONG类型来存储，数据字典中很多对象的定义就是用LONG来存储的。
3、LONG类型主要用于不需要作字符串搜索的长串数据，如果要进行字符搜索就要用varchar2类型。
4、很多工具，包括SQL*Plus，� ......
1、创建存储过程
create or replace procedure test(var_name_1 in type,var_name_2 out type) as
--声明变量(变量名 变量类型)
begin
--存储过程的执行体
end test;
打印出输入的时间信息
E.g:
create or replace procedure test(workDate in Date) is
begin
dbms_output.putline('The input date is: ......
1.基本结构
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE 存储过程名字
(
参数1 IN NUMBER,
参数2 IN NUMBER
) IS
变量1 INTEGER :=0;
变量2 DATE;
BEGIN
END 存储过程名字
2.SELECT INTO STATEMENT
将select查询的结果存入到变量中，可以同时将多个列存储多个变量中，必须有一� ......
常用的数据库字段类型如下：
字段类型 中文说明 限制条件 其它说明
CHAR 固定长度字符串 最大长度2000 bytes
VARCHAR2 可变长度的字符串 最大长度4000 bytes 可做索引的最大长度749
NCHAR 根据字符集而定的固定长度字符串 最大长度2000 bytes
NVARCHAR2 根据字符集而定的可变长度字符串 最大长度4000 bytes
DATE � ......
以下回答属于转载：
经常看到一些朋友问ORACLE字符集方面的问题，我想以迭代的方式来介绍一下。
第一次迭代：掌握字符集方面的基本概念。
有些朋友可能会认为这是多此一举，但实际上正是由于对相关基本概念把握不清，才导致了诸多问题和疑问。
首先是字符集的概念。
我们知道，电子计算机最初是用来进行科学计算的（� ......
