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 //
dirname()
// Returns directory name component of path
basename()
// Returns filename component of path
pathinfo()
// Returns information about a file path;
// pathinfo() returns an associative array containing information about path .
parse_url()
// Parse a URL and return its components;
// This function parses a URL and returns an associative array
// containing any of the various components of the URL that are present.
realpath()
// Returns canonicalized absolute pathname;
// realpath() expands all symbolic links and resolves references to '/./', '/../' and
// extra '/' characters in the input path . and return the canonicalized absolute pathname.
http_build_query()
// Generate URL-encoded query string;
// Generates a URL-encoded query string
// from the associative (or indexed) array provided.
http_build_url()
// Build an URL